EDCI136 Portfolio

At this stage of inquiry, I moved to the business side of things to learn more about Excel as a tool for small business accounting; in this case, tracking and allocating funds earned from a private lesson business as a music teacher. Below is a video by Amber Reed, a string teacher who uploads advice for running studios under the channel name Violin Viola Masterclass. It’s a recording of a livestream that goes over the basics of the basics of tracking lessons and budgeting your gross income.

The system Reed lays out is very simple: Record how many lessons you expect to get, adjust for how many you did get, and write out how much you were paid for those lessons, separating the data by student and recording monthly. Next, start with your gross income and move 35% to your business savings account, take off 10% for you personal savings account, and take off another 10% to split between your personal and business chequing accounts. For my Excel integration, I decided to build out and automate this system as an Excel workbook.

Above, you can see the January page for the tracking system and download the workbook yourself should you have the need to track a similar activity or adjust the template as you see fit. The workbook is set up for 12 months along with a full-year summary page totalling gross income and the amounts expected to be recieved in each account over the time period. In Reed’s video, she applies her percentages to a running total, pulling from a smaller number for each step, resulting in a total deduction of approximately 52%. This seems to me to be an unecessary complication of the process, and, based on the paper she shows, the system is apparently intended to save 55% of the total income anyway, so I opted to apply the percentages to the total gross income at each step, both to simplify things, and because setting aside another 3% never hurt anyone. This is hardly a comprehensive budget system, but it offers the beginning of one, and the figures it calculates can be used for input into a larger budgeting system in another template or platform.

Everything after the expected and adjusted hours in the workbook is completely automated, with the adjusted hours column feeding into the Paid column, whose total is divied up with SUM fuctions in the Deductions section, which in turn feeds into the chart and the yearly summary. I’ll note here an example of the many small conveniences of Excel that really do add up: once I input the SUM function into the first cell in the Paid column feeding from the Adjusted Hours column, I simply drag the bottom right corner to the bottom of the table and Excel will apply it to the whole thing. Copying and pasting also automatically fixes the SUM function to apply to the cell in the same source relative to the new location, so this would also have worked.

As for using the template, that first link between the Adjusted Hours column and the Paid column is the one I would most readily expect to be broken. One is rarely paid at the same time one records the adjustment, and there are myriad circumstances where your pay won’t line up perfectly with your expected rate for whatever reason. Simply selecting the cells in the column and hitting backspace will delete the SUM function and allow manual input.

The Student column is set to a drop-down menu restricting input to the list of students found in the reference tables sheet. I don’t currently have a studio, so I’m using my example squad of Jimbo Jambo Jombo and Jumbo’s first 2 months of lessons. You can change the list of students by changing the names in the Students reference table.

Now is about the time I start complaining, if I have come to understand my Excel Inquiry Rhythm correctly. I’ve gotten enough Excel experience that most things went well enough with the setup this time around. I did have an issue where upon moving a table, it forgot that it was a table and ruined the cell formatting, making all the backgrounds the same colour instead of the usual row by row alternation and not responding to the templates in the Table menu. I haven’t been able to recreate the glitch authentically, but it looked something like this:

All one needs to do to fix this is select the whole table, go to the Home tab > cell styles, and select normal.

Another issue arose in the building of the “Gross income from lessons” row of the yearly summary.

When you input a SUM function, after typing =SUM(, you can choose to either type in the cells or cell range or select the ranges you want to feed from with your mouse. I first opted to use the mouse to make my SUM function, but this will produce the following equation:

=SUM(Table1[[#Totals],[Paid at $50/hour]]+Table112[[#Totals],[Paid at $50/hour]]+Table11214[[#Totals],[Paid at $50/hour]]+Table1121416[[#Totals],[Paid at $50/hour]]+Table112141618[[#Totals],[Paid at $50/hour]]+Table11214161820[[#Totals],[Paid at $50/hour]]+Table1121416182022[[#Totals],[Paid at $50/hour]]+Table112141618202224[[#Totals],[Paid at $50/hour]]+Table11214161820222426[[#Totals],[Paid at $50/hour]]+Table1121416182022242628[[#Totals],[Paid at $50/hour]]+Table112141618202224262830[[#Totals],[Paid at $50/hour]]+Table11214161820222426283032[[#Totals],[Paid at $50/hour]])

This version does work, but when I first finished doing this, I found that I was getting the completely wrong number from the function. With a SUM this dense and enormous, there was no way I was figuring out where my error was. At this point, I had already completed the totals for the other rows with the mouse clicking method, which gave me much more manageable SUM functions of the following style:

=SUM(January!E15+February!E15+March!E15+April!E15+May!E15+June!E15+July!E15+August!E15+September!E15+October!E15+ November!E15+December!E15)

Seen above is a SUM function identical to the original, but referencing cells containing a total instead of referencing totals of columns. It’s a nitpicky sort of difference to describe, but it looks far more straightforward in the cell and is much easier to troubleshoot with. My advice here is to avoid clicking to select totals from tables when building longer SUM functions and either writing out the sheet titles, or clicking to select different cells of the same column from each sheet and then switching out the row to the correct number after the fact. There is also a chance that there is an easier way to reference the same cell on multiple sheets than inputting each one in a SUM function with a plus sign, but I don’t know how to google that and I haven’t stumbled across it yet.

The real bugbear of this operation was the pie chart. Now seems like as good a time as ever for a questionably necessary tangent about video games. A short clip from the below video by Arin Hanson is relevant here, from 00:19-1:14. The series this comes from has found its way into game design classrooms over the years, but was created informally for entertainment purposes, so the program contains coarse language, mostly outside of this clip, but viewer discretion advised.

The shift that Hanson describes in videogames, moving from programs that needed manuals to explain them, like traditional games, toward programs that could be learned intuitively over the course of interacting with them, like Mega-Man and it’s ilk, is not unique, but is in fact the path taken by essentially all digital products as they mature and reach wider audiences. No one really expects you to learn how to use something like Google Docs, it is expected that a person can do what they need to do in that program without a tutorial, relying on a user interface that draws one’s attention to key features using a logical menu system that makes it easy to find options you need.

Excel is an example of a program that has rejected this trend. Recall the difference between the dropdown menus and pop-up menus in Excel and Apple Numbers, respectively. In Numbers, you always change how data is represented or input in a cell using the Data Format menu on the right of the screen, and when you select Pop-Up Menu from the Data Format options, the box to write in the list of items you want in your menu is right there in the same spot.

Contrast this to the dropdown menus in Excel, where you need to write down your list of options somewhere in the workbook first, then select the cells you want to have the dropdown menu, go to the Data tab at the top of the screen, find the small Data Validation button placed between “Text to Columns” and “What-if Analysis”, select “list” under the “Allow” subheading, then type in or select with your mouse the range of cells containing the reference list you made earlier. In this situation, Apple Numbers is the clear Mega-Man to Excel’s Godzilla for the Gameboy.

Returning to the pie chart, when I clicked the button to insert it into my sheet, this is what I saw.

Excel had given me a deck of cards and told me to figure out how to play Solitaire.

This is a slight exaggeration. I was able to figure out that “Chart Design” probably let me design the chart and that “select data” was probably going to let me select the data, so I wasn’t completely lost.

Those first steps brought me here, with an obviously unreadable mess. There was also originally a title for the graph that I removed and am not so committed to this reanactment that I will add back in, but I will say to be careful when hitting backspace around a chart in Excel, because if you have the wrong element selected it will delete the whole thing in a way that doesn’t let undo commands bring it back, so you’ll need to start over. Backspace is also how you get rid of the title on the chart.

First, I wanted to get my numbers outside of the circle, which you do by selecting Add Chart Element > Data Labels > Outside End. I had to find this on the Microsoft support page, since I don’t know how moving the labels from one place to another could be considered adding an element, so I didn’t think to look there.

Next, I wanted to add descriptive labels to the legend instead of numbers, which you can see completed in the above image. I first tried selecting the labels on the chart and typing in the descriptions that I wanted. Like an absolute Chump. If you think that would work you have learned nothing about Excel. You have to make a reference table somewhere else, of course! You then need to go back to the Data Selection menu and type the range of cells containing the reference table into the “Horizontal (Category) axis labels” box, which I suppose would have registered less like word salad to me if the graph I was working with had axes that one could describe as horizontal, but it would be too much to expect of the trillion dollar company to have menus that adapt to the type of graph you’re working with.

The program is also quite picky about the reference table and data selection source. All items in each category must be in the same column, though they don’t need to be in adjacent rows. If your data and reference table are on the same sheet, they must be placed parallel to eachother, with each label in the same row as it’s datapoint. If either of these rules are broken, the chart will claim that the data is too complex and will display nothing. I have only been able to determine these rules through trial and error, and I may be incorrect, which has me feeling like I’m sharing Excel folklore about how if you burn a goats foot on the right day the data rains will come. Currently, all of the monthly charts after February show “The Chart Data Range is too complex to be displayed” when I open the “Select Data” menu, but they still display the data they are supposed to when it is input. Here I am following the age-old coding principal of not fixing what probably isn’t broken.

I also noticed that on the legend pictured above, the dark blue and green colour indicators corresponding to B. Savings and P. Chequings respectively were kind of difficult to separate, so I wanted to change out one of the colours. Apparently, however, you can’t customize the colours of graphs in Excel for MacOS; you only have a preset of “colourful” options, most of which use all the same colours just in different orders, or “monochromatic” options, which use gradients and make it basically impossible to tell which label corresponds to what. Earlier, I was in a menu that had a completely different set of options including making the slices hollow or all only one colour, which makes the legend entirely pointless, but I can’t even find that menu upon returning to checl. This colour restriction seems like a gap in accessibility to me, and the questionable presets and inability to change them is another example of what I can only see as frustrating laziness on the Microsoft development teams.

Excel is a program designed to be learned by reading pages and pages of manuals and watching hours and hours of tutorials. I whine and complain, of course, but really it is not such a bad thing that Excel is not a video game. Things don’t need to be simple and straightforward to be functional, and most things in real life designed to meet a particularly specific need expect a person to be willing and able to dedicate the time and energy into figuring them out. Excel is just one of these things. At the end of the day, my tracker is still functional and helpful, and I was able to attain the skills to build it over the course of a relatively short deep dive. I still think they can try a little harder on the design side though.

Since my previous initiation into Excel, my main goal has been to get it working properly and finish my hours and billing tracking table for the pianist I work with. Since it went unmentioned in my first blog, I’m a music performance major in Classical saxophone, and I hire a pianist to join me for pieces for saxophone and piano, which is usually about half of my repertoire, since my pieces are too demanding for the student accompanists other performers work with. Moving on, the troubleshooting issues made me realize the integration of Microsoft Excel with my Macbook operating system was a bit clunky, so I took a detour to recreate the table in Apple Numbers to compare the experiences on each platform. Below is the completed hours tracking sheet in Microsoft Excel:

First off- saving and file access problems. Last time, Excel insisted that the files I created were read only and kept prompting me to make new copies, which would also be read only, giving me an endless cycle of file copying that occasionally deleted progress anyway. The solution to this problem was not intuitive, to say the least. First, I had to find the file in the MacOS Finder app, which, for some reason, wasn’t possible with regular menu navigation. The only way to bring up the file in Finder was to right click it in the Excel app home page and select “show in Finder”, which showed it inside a long tree of nested folders topped by a greyed out Library folder that was hidden when Finder was opened normally. In order to allow me to edit the file, I had to select get info > sharing and permissions > set to read and write for the “staff” and “everyone” roles. I will mention that xavierm (Me), which is me, was already set to read and write, and I remain unclear on why this needed to be done, but sometimes we must accept things and move on. Often, when older people use computers, they attempt actions that seem to us youthful people to be entirely unreasonable, clicking random buttons that we have no idea why they would expect to do anything. I now fully understand this, since the solutions that actually do work are also so unreasonable that I often feel there’s no reason to use sense at all, really.

Having solved this issue, I continued working on my tracking sheet. I had two issues I wanted to solve as mentioned in the previous blog:

1. “Waignein and Weber” being separate categories from “Waignein” and “Weber” for the purposes of counting hours spent on each piece, and
2. incorporating the first hour of performances being billed at $75 instead of $50 in the sheet’s automated cost calculations.

The first of these problems, the rehearsal focus labeling, I opted simply not to solve. A rehearsal with a combined focus would be split into two rows each counted at half of the duration and each with their own focus. This prevents potential doublecounting and makes the whole operation a lot simpler. I also added a dropdown menu to this row for easier entry by using the Data Validation feature.

When you have a set list of possible values that can be added into a column of cells, it’s convenient to make a dropdown list both to save the trouble of typing things in every time and to prevent you from creating a new category every time you spell something wrong or capitalize something differently. This Microsoft Support tutorial for making them is straightforward and simple to follow. The process requires you to make a reference table with the possible values to select in the Data Validation window. I placed my reference tables beside my tracking table, but for larger sheets with greater complexity, it can be better to move them to a separate sheet.

As for the incorporation of the $75 first hour of public performances, I realized that this was equivalent to adding $25 to every session that was considered a performance, since the normal hourly rate is $50. I used the same Data Validation feature to add a Y/N performance column, and used the COUNTIF function, =COUNTIF(Table1[Performance], “Y”), to show the number of cells within that range that I counted as performances. I could then multiply that number by 25 and add it to the total.

To determine the total cost, I used a straightforward SUM feature: =SUM(B26*50+25*B31). This function adds the number of hours multiplied by the hourly rate to the number of performances multiplied by the performance charge, giving me a total cost that factors in the hourly rate and the $75 charge for hour one of performances. The total cost since January came out to $1,275.00. This is why I don’t buy textbooks for my classes. The profs always tell you you need to but you almost always don’t.

I had most recently paid my accompanist on January 24th, so to determine what I still owed, I added another cell with a similar SUM function to the one above, replacing the total hours since January 1st, B26, with B8:B25, the range of dates after January 24th, using the following function: =SUM(B8:B25*50+25*B31). Interestingly, this gave me $2,725.00, which doesn’t sound quite right. When I moved the bracket to create the function =SUM(B8:B25)*50+25*B31, it showed the correct figure, $1,025.00. I initially thought that this meant you need to surround your ranges in brackets, but the function =SUM((B8:B25)*50+25*B31) also shows $2,725.00. For some reason, adding a close bracket to the end of the function, regardless of where other brackets are placed, groups together (50+25*B31), breaking the normal order of operations you would normally use when doing algebra and multiplying B8:B25 by 75 by B31. This perplexes me, but, as with many things, one can only move on.

As I mentioned, the troubleshooting I needed to do to get Excel working made me curious about the native spreadsheet program for MacOS, Apple Numbers. Numbers is ultimately a shoddy competitor to Excel, purely due its propreitary device locking making it much less universal, transferrable, or shareable, so I don’t intend on getting more experience with it going forward, but I thought recreating the hours tracking table in Numbers would be a good way to get more context for the strengths and weaknesses of Excel specifically, not just spreadsheets in general. As I suspected, I saw no barriers from permissions issues or OS navigation to create and access the file. The result can be found below:

The difference in design language is the most apparent factor, with Apple presenting a much more streamlined sheet with things looking a little more plain and having larger and more separated text by default. I do prefer the more open layout, and I may increase the row height and text size in Excel going forward to borrow some of the improved readability. The column headings are also mobile, staying at the top of your screen as you scroll down in the table so that they stay visible, which I do appreciate. The cell overflow response is also far superior here. In Excel, if you type text longer than the cell, it bleeds over into the next cell and then cuts off at the edge of the cell when you click away. In Numbers, the text continues on a lower line as one would expect in any text box. This makes it much easier to design better looking tables without constantly readjusting the column width every time you type a longer phrase than normal. The most apparent functional difference is that Numbers opens straight into a table and does not give you the same endless grid of cells that Excel bases itself on. This isn’t a huge limitation, you can still open extra tables or extra sheets for blank space, but this does lend the program a sense of inflexibility compared to Excel, where you can input your data wherever you want and then impose a table structure onto it automatically after the fact.

Numbers offers more ways to represent data. As you might notice, Numbers allows you to format cells as checkboxes, which feels a bit more graceful than my Y/N dropdown menu I used for the Performance tab in Excel. Numbers also allows you to format cells as durations. In Excel, there is no option to format a cell to represent hours and minutes, you must always convert the fraction of 60 into a decimal. Numbers allows you to enter numbers as decimals or x:xx formats and will format them into xh xxm notation automatically when the Data Format menu on the right side of the screen is set to durations and its further specifications. Hours tracking has been my main use of Excel in the past and I have always wanted this, it’s so much more satifsying and occasionally less confusing to write 15 minutes instead of 0.25.

On the flip side, there is some unwanted inflexibility here. A cell feeding from a totalling cell in duration format can only itself be set to duration format. I tried to set the Hours total on the pricing table, which feeds from Hours Tracking B26, to number format, since, knowing it’s going to be fed into another equation, it’s nice to be able to see it as a decimal, but the input didn’t do anything. This led me down a bit of a rabbit hole trying to figure out how to get the system to allow you to change the cell format from durations when referencing a total of hours and minutes.

Above is the SUM feature determining the total cost of accompaniment since January on the Pricing table using essentially the same equation as the Excel sheet. In this case, the system does allow you to change the cell format to currency, so I knew feeding from a duration total didn’t make it impossible to change the format. I experimented with adding 0 or multiplying and dividing by the same number in a SUM function for the Pricing table Hours total cell, but nothing seemed to let me change the format. After additional experimentation, I began to find strange arbitrary combinations of equations, cell references, and bracket placements that either did or did not allow the cell format to be changed, which I intended to document here, but after closing and reopening Numbers after a break, I found it was all a glitch. As long as you get the SUM function to do something, like adding 0, it does allow you to change the format, and all of that time I spent experimenting could have been a dream for all I know.

I’ll also note a difference in the dropdown menu functions of each program. Excel requires you to build a table of responses somewhere in the workbook for your drop down menu to reference, but in Numbers, you can simply select “Pop-Up Menu” in the Data Format menu and add your list from there. I found this to be the much more elegant and intuitive solution. The Pop-Up Menu does prevent you from typing manually at all in the cells formatted to it though, you can only bring up the menu and select from the list. In Excel cells with drop-down menus, you still can type, with the system automatically autofilling from the first couple of letters of something on the list and simply rejecting your input if you type something not on the list. This is a less consequential but widely representative example of how Numbers streamlines processes while making the system feel less flexible, even when the material difference is negligible.

The final item I want to call attention to is Pivot tables. Here, you can find a more detailed explanation of the concept, but they are essentially a tool that automatically reorganizes data on a table in another sheet to make it easier to analyze various aspects of it. Excel and Numbers both have pivot tables and they work almost entirely identically, but Numbers has the small problem of getting the figures wrong.

Above, you can see the pivot table that Numbers generated for the Hours tracking table, with Dates as rows and Rehearsal Hours as values. You might notice a Grand Total of 25 hours, which is an hour and a half more than the total on the table it’s pulling the data from. One of these mysterious extra hours comes from (blank), though I have no idea what that could be referring to. I was also able to determine that another extra hour was added to January, specifically showing 2 hours on January 10th, directly contradicting the table. Correcting for these errors, however, leaves us short at 23 total hours. I don’t have the slightest idea of where this discrepency comes from, but Apple markets this program as an accounting tool, so the fact that it misrepresents its own data is positively unacceptable. If this were a bigger dataset where these issues were less noticeable, this could have serious consequences for a business. This kind of error being possible makes the pivot table feature impossible to trust, which makes it completely useless.

Overall, Apple Numbers was the easier platform to pick up, though the fact that I already learned the same skills in Excel likely helped. I only needed to consult external sources twice, to find the Pop-Up menu option and to figure out how to use the COUNTIF function on the checklist, and I likely could have figured out both on my own if I was slightly more persistent. On Excel, I needed a tutorial for basically everything. In the end, however, Excel does remain the better program overall, allowing for greater flexibility and forgoing some streamlining to keep you more firmly in the drivers seat. The Excel pivot tables are also accurate.

Something that was particularly striking for me was how the central difference in presentation, Numbers with tables and Excel with their open grid, made the idea of converting files from one system to the other fundamentally impossible to do smoothly. Many of the unique input and representation features on Numbers, like the checklists, star ratings, and duration formats, seem almost deliberately designed to make Numbers files unconvertible into Excel files. Compare to Google Docs and Microsoft Word, which are not nearly as divergent, Docs being able to export directly into .docx files with relatively minor impact. This to me suggests a certain intentionality of incompatibility on the part of these companies, showing how locked down to their platforms they want their users to be. For all of these differences, though, the formats offer the same core benifit of horizontal and vertical data storage that make spreadsheet programs desirable in the first place, and everything layered on top is really just icing on the cake.

This week’s materials focused primarily on issues surrounding eroding privacy in the digital realm and the effect of this erosion on our lives, along with a brief interview with Nodin Cutfeet on their Waniskaw Foundation for Indigenous digital literacy.

A lecture given by Ian Linkletter this week had a large focus on opposing AI proctoring software, digital tools designed to algorithmically analyze data from cameras and browser monitering during exams to prevent students from cheating. This sort of use of AI can seem benign, but it’s representative of a deep incompetency in the use of many modern AI tools; an ignorance of their need for supervision.

The below video by Physicist Angela Collier outlines some flaws and false narratives surrounding AI technology with a focus on it’s place in science. The section “What AI is not” focuses on why experts are necessary in the process of using these tools. One example offered is the use of machine learning to diagnose Tuberculosis in samples given to an algorithm to analyze. The algorithm was built well enough to be able to diagnose Tuberculosis more accurately than doctors overall, but it was still important to probe the responses it gave to find out how it was coming to the conclusions at which it arrived. Through AB testing, it was found that the algorithm was measuring the date that the pictures were taken and weighing older pictures to be more likely to contain Tuberculosis in the samples than newer ones. Because older machines were used in places with more Tuberculosis and thus more positives, the algorithm didn’t simply notice the trend, but incorporated it into it’s assessment as though it were a causal factor. This is because machine learning is, as Collier frequently emphasizes, not intelligent, and has no way of understanding causality, so even as this algorithm became more effective than humans at diagnosing Tuberculosis samples, it was still including nonsensical data based on an irrelevant bias in it’s analyses which could potentially cause serious harm.

AI proctoring tools fly in the face of these concerns. These tools reproduce biases and confer important judgements without proper supervision and often without a clear idea of how they are coming to their conclusions. On a basic level, they should not be trusted to function without the kind of heavily involved supervision that would make their usage redundant. Even with greater supervision, what camera systems flag are simply reconstructions of biases we have about how students should look or act. The prominence of facial recognition failing to find black faces is relevant here, as well as the list of abnormalities that Linkletter claims that AI proctoring tools highlight, including deviations from the norm in head movement, eye movement, keystrokes, and clicking. This seems like a machine perfectly constructed to bring scrutiny to neurodivergent or differently abled students, and it is no surprise at all that Linkletter was able to cite a Dutch study that showed that the effectiveness of a particular proctoring software was no more than that of a placebo. The idea that people who move in odd ways are more likely to be cheating, when you think about it for more than a moment, is absolute nonsense. It’s the academic integrity equivalent to the body language experts in British tabloids claiming that Meghan Markle is a sea witch because she tucked her hair behind her ear too many times.

In his podcast on digital surveillance, Chris Gilliard focuses on the increasing prominence of surveillance tools acceptance in our lives, including cctv cameras in businesses that feed directly into police stations, doorbell security cameras surveilling neighbourhoods, and consumer tech products offering conveniences while collecting data to sell.

A big theme of the podcast was who surveillance is aimed at. Gilliard mentions how wage theft takes far more money out of the pockets of American citizens than shoplifting takes from corporations, but we don’t see cops patrolling corporate offices. Surveillance technology is based in bias. Linkletter also mentioned how algorithmic tools play on our assumptions that computers are less irrational than humans, but the data they use is always collected by squishy-brained humans with biases and within systems built on them. If people of colour are more likely to see their behaviour criminalized, more crimes will be reported in a racialized area, and if the response is an increase in surveillance, the fact that more eyes are on the area will mean that more crimes will be reported without any need for crime in the area to increase, or necessarily be more prominent than in another, less surveilled area. Data is collected through bias, so data analysis will always hold on to the same biases.

On the subject of consumer technology, Gilliard raises concerns over how many products are accepted as items of luxury surveillance, tracking data to offer a consumer convenience in exchange for privacy. Fitness watches, for example, track your heartrate, steps, and location, which I presume is very helpful for people who use them, but this amount of personal info being in the hands of large corporations aiming to squeeze as much value out of consumers as possible is disquieting at the very least, especially given the precedent Gilliard mentions of these companies readily sharing their data with law enforcement. You have nothing to hide only until you disagree with the state on what behaviour is acceptible. As we are quickly seeing in the United States, this is not as unlikely as we might think.

Nodin Cutfeet’s Waniskaw foundation seems to be an excellent example of community oriented activism. The organization aims to improve digital literacy in underserved indigenous communities by utilizing programs, hardware and community engagement that fall in line with the priorities and capacity for engagement in reserve communities. Cutfeet mentions that in many indigenous reserve households, the closest devices to a computer are xboxes or other consoles with a web browser installed on them, and getting grants that would allow them to send compatible keyboards to these households to facilitate digital engagement on the devices they already have is a potential goal for their organization. The understanding represented by this idea demonstrates a genuine connection to the community being served that I see as a positive example for effective organizing.

I enjoyed Cutfeet’s mention of differences in motivation between mainstream and indigenous engagement in coding education, how indigenous students are less susceptible to Zuckerburg admiration and promises of wealth and control. Rather than presenting them as being too high-minded or principaled for that sort of thing, Cutfeet frames this lack of effectiveness as indigenous youth being more interested in seeming smart in front of their friends and community than being corporate big-shots. It’s not so high a bar to expect an indigenous person to not engage in noble savage stereotypes, treating their place outside of mainstream expectations as an untainted purity from our materialism, but the fact that it isn’t a worry underscores the benefit of the awareness and connection Cutfeet has in this community.